Randomness and games in Python

The random module gives random numbers:

import random
random.randint(1, 6)          # a whole number 1–6, like a die
random.random()               # a decimal 0–1
random.choice(["rock", "scissors", "paper"])
random.shuffle(items)         # shuffles the list in place

Seeding: random.seed(42) makes the randomness predictable — the same numbers every run. It sounds like a contradiction, but it is invaluable when you are debugging or when you want someone else to get exactly the same result.

import random

def guessing_game(max_number=100, seed=None):
    if seed is not None:
        random.seed(seed)
    secret = random.randint(1, max_number)
    attempts = 0
    while True:
        guess = int(input(f"Guess 1–{max_number}: "))
        attempts += 1
        if guess < secret:
            print("Too low")
        elif guess > secret:
            print("Too high")
        else:
            print(f"Right, in {attempts} attempts!")
            return attempts

# simulate 10 000 dice rolls and count the sixes
random.seed(0)
rolls = [random.randint(1, 6) for _ in range(10_000)]
print(rolls.count(6) / 10_000)      # ≈ 0.167

Simulation is a way of testing probabilities without formulas: run it enough times and count.